Dr. Yusuf Halaçoğlu
Armenians who were considered nation-I sadıka by the Ottoman Empire for centuries, as a result of the policies of the European states that found fame as a matter of Orient, XIX. since the second half of the century, they began to pose a serious problem against the weakening Ottoman administration. Igniting the fuse of the French Revolution, nationalism weakened the Ottoman Empire with a draft of the eye of the European powers into the territory of the Christian minorities who put their own ambitions to exploit the desires to achieve, supported by the Armenian Church encouraged Armenian nationalism; Bourgeois and elitist, which initially originated in the city of Armenian nationalism and the Armenian separatist carrying a feature a colour spread to all layers of society, the accelerated. March July 13, 1878), followed by the Treaty of Ayastefanos (March 3, 1878) and Berlin (July 13, 1878), the Ottoman-Russian war of 1877-78, known in our literature as the war of 93, is the turning point of this process.
93 the Armenian Assembly, which had been in close cooperation with the Russian army during the war, was founded after the war by the Russian Tsar II. He sent a memorandum to Aleksandr that could be summarized as "the establishment of a Russia-bound Armenia here by not returning the region up to the Euphrates to the Turks." In order to compensate for this demand, which was not even considered possible by the Russians due to political balances, the Russians declared that the treaty should be reformed in the Eastern Anatolian provinces where the Armenians were calm and that the Christians should be protected against the Kurds and Circassians.16. they added the substance. This was the 7th and 14th of the same Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca (21 July 1774). the articles provided Tsarist Russia with legitimacy in the Middle East policies and were arranged in a way that would serve as a legal basis for the Russian ambitions and savings over Anatolia. However, the other members of the Duvel-I Muazzama, realizing that the blessings of a possible Ottoman dissolution were too precious to be left to the Russians alone, decided to amend the heavy provisions of the Treaty of Ayastefanos against the Ottomans with the Congress of Berlin.; in the end, although many articles were revised, the issue of reform, which would constitute the most important element in the intervention in the internal affairs of the Ottoman Empire, was mentioned in Article 61. it is left as it is with matter.
The Armenian question has now become politicized and gained an international dimension as a result of the strife between members of the Duvel-I Muazzama, especially Britain and Russia. Armenians who want to take advantage of the current situation have taken another step and started to establish political organizations at home and abroad. The most important of these organizations are the Hinchak (founded in Geneva in 1887) and Tashnaksutyun (founded in Tbilisi in 1890), which continue their political existence to the present day.
In order to achieve their goals, it is necessary to apply other means to provide them with double standard assistance of the great powers. The most important of these means is the violence and terror that we as the Republic of Turkey have suffered from.
Although they never constituted the majority of the population, the first serious incidents occurred in Erzurum and Istanbul Kumkapı in 1890 between the Armenians who claimed rights over the Anatolian lands and the Turks and Muslims who were the real inhabitants of these lands. This is the first link in the Armenian terror and violence plot. Sultan II. As a result of successful propaganda, the Armenian activities that took place in a wide range from the attempts to assassinate the Ottoman rulers, including Abdul Hamid and even Patriarch Aşıkyan, himself an Armenian, to the murder of innocent Muslim people, found support in the Western public opinion. Abdülhamid was described as the" Red Sultan "and the Turkish people as" barbarians responsible for the murder of the innocent Armenian people". In the note given to the Ottoman administration by the European states following the events of May 11, 1895, the determination of the provinces to be reformed as Vilayat-ı Sitte as Erzurum, Bitlis, Van, Sivas, Mamuretülaziz and Diyarbekir accelerated the realization of the geographical area concept needed by each separatist movement in the consciousness of the Armenians and the
In the Armenian propaganda aimed at the Western world, it is important to note that the violence that took place in the Ottoman Empire was the first to occur. The claim that Abdülhamid had an oppressive regime is unfounded, as can be seen in the developments following the arrival of Ittihad and Terakki to power. Ittihad II saw that the Empire was rapidly falling apart. In the beginning of the constitutional monarchy, their quest to act together with the Armenian committees for the sake of their well-meaning "Union-I anasir"did not benefit. Separatist rebellions are increasing day by day and The Empire is losing blood. Moreover, two enemies who had eyes on Ottoman lands, Wed II. With Nicholas VII. Devoid of contention between Russia and Britain with Edward's agreements on the sharing of the Ottoman Empire in reval in 1908, the field of Ottoman diplomacy was rapidly shrinking. In the mind of the Turkish intellectual, "Anatolia is the last home" gains a special sensitivity. At a time when these developments were taking place in the background, Armenians claimed their rights on these lands in an unfounded manner. The First World War is now the breaking point.
One of the most important reasons why the Ottoman government decided to enter the First World War was the concern of stopping the rapidly flowing hourglass and protecting the Empire against Russia. From this perspective, the savings of the Armenian minority in the East are of distinct importance. In 1912, the Russian ambassador in Istanbul, Foreign Minister S. D. "According to the reports of our consuls in Van, Bayezid, Bitlis, Erzurum and Trabzon, the Armenians in these provinces are all on Russia's side and they are waiting for our armies," sazanof said in his report...On 21 November, the Bayezid Consul reported that all Armenians are hostile towards Turkey and expect Russia's protectorate to invade Armenian territory. The Armenian Patriarch begs Russia to save the Armenian people in Turkey."1. By 1914, the Armenian committees had also instructed their branches in Turkey: "if the Russian army advances across the border and the Ottoman army retreats, all sides will suddenly rise up with the means at hand.
The Ottoman army would be left between the two fires, the official buildings would be bombed, the iaşe depots would be sabotaged; on the contrary, if the Ottoman army attacked, the Armenian soldiers would join the Russians, and those who were armed would flee their continents and form gangs to damage the back lines of the Turkish troops and cause various incidents within the country."2
As a matter of fact, the developments on the Eastern Front at the beginning of the war followed exactly as predicted in the above reports. Since August November 3, 1914, when the mobilization was announced, Armenians started to flee from the Army; organized armed attacks against Turkish soldiers in Zeytun; migrated to Russia and joined the gangs formed by the Russians to fight against the Turkish army; and after the Russian army launched its offensive on Eastern Anatolia on November 1, 1914, they The biggest of these Armenian revolts and the most important in terms of its consequences, including the decision to relocate, was the revolt in Van.
Officers and gendarmes were killed in and around Van, police stations and houses of Turks were attacked, official buildings were burned and the riot spread throughout Van region. The Ottoman government's efforts to solve the problem with good intentions and small measures for nine months after the mobilization proclamation did not benefit, and the need to take deep-rooted measures on the Armenians became more and more important. The most important of these measures is the decision on relocation. This article will focus on how the process of relocation was run and will show that the truth is completely different from the landscape presented by Armenian propaganda.
A. Decision on relocation and implementation
At a time when the Armenian revolt in van was in full swing, there were reports in Istanbul that Armenians were rebelling, cutting off roads and massacring their people by raiding Muslim villages. Because the Turkish army was on the battlefield, it could not prevent these events behind the front line. Finally, Enver Pasha, deputy commander-in-chief to remedy this situation, 2 May 1915, to Talat Pasha, Minister of Internal Medicine, sent the following note: "the Armenians around Lake Van, and the van always for an uprising by the governor of certain known locations in the batch are ready. I intend to expel the Armenians who were in mass and to disperse the rebellion House. 3. According to the information given by the army command, the Russians brought Muslims inside their borders in a miserable and miserable state on April 20, 1915. It is necessary to send these Armenians along with their families to the Russian border, or to distribute these Armenians and their families to various places in Anatolia, both in response and in order to achieve the above stated objective. I would like you to apply these two forms by selecting the appropriate one. I would prefer to send the families of the insurgents and the people of the rebel zone out of our borders, and instead place the Muslim people from outside within our borders".Three
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